GHB Withdrawal and Dependence

Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is a central nervous system depressant used both medically and recreationally. While it has therapeutic effects, such as treating narcolepsy, GHB also carries a significant risk of dependence and withdrawal.

What Is GHB?

GHB, or gamma-hydroxybutyrate, is a naturally occurring substance in the human brain that functions as a neurotransmitter. It is also found in small amounts in certain foods, such as beef and wine.

In a medical context, GHB has been used to treat conditions like narcolepsy and alcohol dependence. The drug’s sedative and euphoric effects have also led to its use as a recreational substance. However, recreational use often involves much higher doses than those used therapeutically, significantly increasing the risk of adverse effects and dependence.

Chemically, GHB is a metabolite of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), an inhibitory neurotransmitter. Its primary mechanism of action involves binding to GABA_B receptors, which leads to decreased neuronal excitability and sedation. Additionally, GHB interacts with specific GHB receptors, which may contribute to its unique effects.

What Does GHB Do?

The effects of GHB on the body are primarily sedative, similar to those of alcohol and benzodiazepines. It enhances the activity of GABA, the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. This action results in a calming effect, reduced anxiety, and, in higher doses, profound sedation.

GHB can produce mild euphoria, relaxation, and sociability at low doses. These effects have made it popular in some nightlife and party scenes. However, as the dose increases, the sedative effects become more pronounced, potentially leading to dizziness, drowsiness, and confusion.

At very high doses, GHB can induce deep sedation, unconsciousness, and respiratory depression, which can be life-threatening, especially when combined with other central nervous system depressants such as alcohol and benzodiazepines.

The risk of overdose with GHB is a significant concern. Because the difference between a dose that produces the desired euphoric effects and a potentially lethal dose is relatively small, users may accidentally consume a dangerous amount.

GHB overdose symptoms include:

• Vomiting
• Seizures
• Slowed heart rate
• Lowered blood pressure
• Severe respiratory depression

In severe cases, overdose can lead to coma or death.

What Is GHB Withdrawal Syndrome?

GHB withdrawal syndrome occurs when a person who is dependent on GHB suddenly stops using the drug. Dependence can develop with regular use as the body becomes accustomed to the drug’s presence and compensates for its effects. When you stop using the drug, the body struggles to maintain normal function, leading to withdrawal symptoms.

GHB withdrawal can be broadly divided into two phases: acute and prolonged.

Acute withdrawal

Acute withdrawal typically begins within a few hours after the last dose and can last for several days. The intense physical and psychological symptoms include:

• Anxiety
• Insomnia
• Tremors
• Sweating
• Seizures
• Delirium

Prolonged Withdrawal

Prolonged withdrawal, also known as post-acute withdrawal syndrome (PAWS), may involve continued psychological symptoms such as:

• Anxiety
• Mood swings
• Irritability
• Cognitive difficulties

These symptoms can persist for weeks or months after the acute phase resolves. The prolonged nature of these symptoms can complicate recovery and increase the risk of relapse.

Symptoms of GHB Withdrawal

The symptoms of GHB withdrawal can vary in severity and duration, depending on factors such as the duration of use, the dose, and the presence of other substances. Common symptoms include:

• Anxiety: Many people experience heightened anxiety during withdrawal, often accompanied by restlessness and irritability.
• Insomnia: Difficulty sleeping is a frequent symptom, often accompanied by vivid dreams or nightmares. This can significantly impact overall well-being and recovery.
• Tremors: Shaking, particularly in the hands, can occur as the nervous system readjusts to the absence of GHB.
• Sweating: Excessive sweating, often at night, is a common symptom and can be uncomfortable and disruptive.
• Increased Heart Rate and Blood Pressure: These physiological changes can occur as the body attempts to adjust to the absence of GHB. They can be particularly concerning in people with preexisting cardiovascular conditions.
• Nausea and Vomiting: Gastrointestinal symptoms are not uncommon during GHB withdrawal and can lead to dehydration if not managed properly.
• Confusion and Agitation: Cognitive impairments and irritability can occur, particularly in severe cases. This can manifest as difficulty concentrating, disorientation, and mood swings.

In more severe cases, GHB withdrawal can lead to life-threatening complications such as seizures, hallucinations, and delirium. These symptoms require immediate medical attention and may necessitate hospitalization. It is crucial for people undergoing GHB withdrawal to have access to medical supervision and support to manage these potentially dangerous symptoms.

Treatment for GHB Withdrawal

If you or a loved one is facing GHB addiction, it’s crucial to seek assistance from professionals to safely manage the withdrawal phase and lower the chances of a setback.

The treatment for GHB withdrawal should be approached with caution and under medically supervised detox, especially considering the potential for severe and life-threatening symptoms.

Northridge Addiction Treatment Center (NATC) provides comprehensive treatment, including medical detox, medication-assisted treatment, dual diagnosis, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), counseling, and support groups that provide the support needed to achieve and maintain sobriety.

Our compassionate team of licensed addiction and co-occurring disorder experts creates a warm and empowering environment for each resident during their stay at our private residential treatment facility.

Contact us today. NATC’s patient-focused care may be the perfect opportunity to heal and get on your path to meaningful recovery.